Umehluko wokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa nephutha lokulinganisa

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kanye nephutha iziphakamiso eziyisisekelo ezifundwe ku-metrology, futhi omunye wemiqondo ebalulekile evame ukusetshenziswa abahloli be-metrology.Ihlobene ngokuqondile nokuthembeka kwemiphumela yokulinganisa kanye nokunemba nokuvumelana kokudluliswa kwenani.Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi badida kalula noma basebenzise kabi kokubili ngenxa yemibono engacacile.Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa isipiliyoni sokufunda "Ukuhlola Nokuvezwa Kokungaqiniseki Kwesilinganiso" ukuze kugxilwe emehlukweni phakathi kwakho kokubili.Into yokuqala okufanele icace umehluko womqondo phakathi kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kanye nephutha.

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kubonisa ukuhlolwa kobubanzi bamanani lapho ivelu yangempela yenani elilinganisiwe ilele khona.Inikeza isikhawu lapho inani langempela lingase lehle ngokuvumelana namathuba athile okuthenjwa.Kungaba ukuchezuka okujwayelekile noma ukuphindaphindeka kwakho, noma ububanzi obuyingxenye yesikhawu okubonisa ileveli yokuzethemba.Akulona iphutha leqiniso elithile, iveza nje ingxenye yohlu lwamaphutha engakwazi ukulungiswa ngendlela yamapharamitha.Isuselwa ekulungisweni okungaphelele kwemiphumela yengozi kanye nemiphumela ehlelekile, futhi iyipharamitha yokuhlakazeka esetshenziselwa ukukhombisa amanani akalwayo abelwe ngokunengqondo.Ukungaqiniseki kuhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezingxenye zokuhlola, u-A no-B, ngokwendlela yokuzithola.Ingxenye yokuhlola yohlobo A wukuhlola kokungaqiniseki okwenziwa ngokuhlaziywa kwezibalo kochungechunge lokubheka, futhi ingxenye yokuhlola yohlobo B ilinganiselwa ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho noma olunye ulwazi, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona ingxenye yokungaqiniseki emelwe "ukuchezuka okujwayelekile".

Ezimweni eziningi, iphutha lisho iphutha lokulinganisa, futhi incazelo yalo evamile iwumehluko phakathi komphumela wokulinganisa kanye nenani langempela levelu elinganisiwe.Ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: amaphutha esistimu namaphutha ephutha.Iphutha likhona ngendlela eqondile, futhi kufanele libe inani eliqinisekile, kodwa njengoba inani langempela lingaziwa ezimweni eziningi, iphutha langempela alinakwaziwa ngokunembile.Sifuna nje ukulinganisa okungcono kakhulu kwevelu yeqiniso ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, futhi sikubize ivelu yeqiniso evamile.

Ngokuqonda umqondo, singabona ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu olandelayo phakathi kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa nephutha lokulinganisa:

1. Umehluko ezinjongweni zokuhlola:

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kuhloselwe ukukhombisa ukuhlakazeka kwevelu elinganisiwe;

Injongo yephutha lokulinganisa ukukhombisa izinga lapho imiphumela yokulinganisa ichezuka khona enanini langempela.

2. Umehluko phakathi kwemiphumela yokuhlola:

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa ipharamitha engasayiniwe evezwa ukuchezuka okujwayelekile noma ukuphindaphindeka kokuchezuka okujwayelekile noma uhhafu wobubanzi besikhawu sokuzithemba.Ihlolwa abantu ngokusekelwe olwazini olufana nokuhlola, idatha, nolwazi.Kunganqunywa ngokwesilinganiso ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezindlela zokuhlola, A no-B.;

Iphutha lokulinganisa inani elinophawu oluphozithivu noma olunegethivu.Inani layo liwumphumela wokulinganisa kukhishwe inani langempela elilinganisiwe.Njengoba inani langempela lingaziwa, alinakutholwa ngokunembile.Lapho kusetshenziswa inani langempela elivamile esikhundleni senani langempela, inani elilinganiselwe kuphela elingatholwa.

3. Umehluko wezinto ezinomthelela:

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kutholwa abantu ngokuhlaziya nokuhlola, ngakho kuhlobene nokuqonda kwabantu isilinganiso, okuthonya ubuningi nenqubo yokulinganisa;

Amaphutha okulinganisa akhona ngendlela eqondile, awathintwa izici zangaphandle, futhi awashintshi ngokuqonda kwabantu;

Ngakho-ke, lapho kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa kokungaqiniseki, izici ezihlukahlukene ezithonya kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokugcwele, futhi ukuhlolwa kokungaqiniseki kufanele kuqinisekiswe.Uma kungenjalo, ngenxa yokuhlaziya nokulinganisa okwanele, ukungaqiniseki okulinganiselwe kungase kube kukhulu lapho umphumela wokulinganisa useduze kakhulu nenani langempela (okungukuthi, iphutha lincane), noma ukungaqiniseki okunikeziwe kungase kube kuncane kakhulu lapho iphutha lokulinganisa empeleni liyiphutha. enkulu.

4. Umehluko ngokwemvelo:

Ngokuvamile akudingekile ukuhlukanisa izici zokulinganisa ukungaqiniseki nokungaqiniseki.Uma zidinga ukuhlukaniswa, kufanele zivezwe njengokuthi: "izingxenye zokungaqiniseki ezethulwa imiphumela engahleliwe" kanye "nezingxenye zokungaqiniseki ezethulwa imithelela yesistimu";

Amaphutha okulinganisa angahlukaniswa abe amaphutha angahleliwe kanye namaphutha ahlelekile ngokuya ngezakhiwo zawo.Ngokwencazelo, kokubili amaphutha angahleliwe kanye namaphutha ahlelekile kuyimiqondo efanelekile esimweni sezilinganiso eziningi ngokungenamkhawulo.

5. Umehluko phakathi kokulungiswa kwemiphumela yokulinganisa:

Igama elithi "ukungaqiniseki" ngokwalo lisho inani elilinganiselwe.Ayibhekiseli enanini lephutha elithile nelinembile.Nakuba ingalinganiswa, ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukulungisa inani.Ukungaqiniseki okwethulwa ukulungiswa okungaphelele kungacatshangwa kuphela ekungaqinisekini kwemiphumela yokulinganisa elungisiwe.

Uma inani elilinganiselwe lephutha lesistimu laziwa, umphumela wokulinganisa ungalungiswa ukuze kutholwe umphumela wokulinganisa olungisiwe.

Ngemva kokulungiswa kobukhulu, kungase kube eduze nenani langempela, kodwa ukungaqiniseki kwayo akunciphisi nje kuphela, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuba kukhulu.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi asikwazi kahle ukuthi lingakanani inani langempela, kodwa singalinganisela kuphela izinga imiphumela yokulinganisa iseduze noma ukude ngayo kunani langempela.

Nakuba ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kanye nephutha kunomehluko ongenhla, kusahlobene eduze.Umqondo wokungaqiniseki wukusetshenziswa nokunwetshwa kwethiyori yephutha, futhi ukuhlaziya amaphutha kuseyisisekelo sethiyori sokuhlolwa kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi uma kulinganiswa izingxenye zohlobo luka-B, ukuhlaziya amaphutha akunakuhlukaniswa.Isibonelo, izici zamathuluzi okulinganisa zingachazwa ngokwephutha elikhulu elivunyelwe, iphutha lenkomba, njll. Inani lomkhawulo lephutha elivumelekile lethuluzi lokulinganisa elicaciswe ekucacisweni kobuchwepheshe nemithetho libizwa ngokuthi "iphutha elikhulu elivumelekile" noma "umkhawulo wephutha ovumelekile".Ibanga elivumelekile lephutha lenkomba elicaciswe umenzi wohlobo oluthile lwethuluzi, hhayi iphutha langempela lethuluzi elithile.Iphutha elikhulu elivumelekile lethuluzi lokulinganisa lingatholakala ebhukwini lethuluzi, futhi livezwa ngophawu lokuhlanganisa noma lokususa lapho livezwa njengenani lenombolo, ngokuvamile elivezwa ngephutha eliphelele, iphutha elihlobene, iphutha lesithenjwa noma inhlanganisela yalokho.Isibonelo ±0.1PV, ±1%, njll. Iphutha eliphakeme elivumelekile lethuluzi lokulinganisa alikona ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa, kodwa lingasetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokuhlolwa kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa.Ukungaqiniseki okwethulwa ithuluzi lokulinganisa kumphumela wokulinganisa kungahlolwa ngokuya ngephutha elikhulu elivunyelwe lethuluzi ngokuya kwendlela yokuhlola yohlobo lwe-B.Esinye isibonelo umehluko phakathi kwevelu yenkomba yethuluzi lokulinganisa nevelu yangempela okuvunyelwene ngayo yokokufaka okuhambisanayo, okuyiphutha lenkomba yethuluzi lokulinganisa.Ngamathuluzi okulinganisa aphathekayo, inani elibonisiwe inani lalo legama.Ngokuvamile, inani elinikeziwe noma elikhiqizwe kabusha izinga eliphezulu lokulinganisa lisetshenziswa njengenani langempela okuvunyelwene ngalo (ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi inani lokulinganisa noma inani elijwayelekile).Emsebenzini wokuqinisekisa, lapho ukungaqiniseki okunwetshiwe kwevelu elijwayelekile elinikezwe izinga lokulinganisa kungu-1/3 kuya ku-1/10 wephutha eliphakeme elivumelekile lethuluzi elihloliwe, futhi iphutha lenkomba yethuluzi elihloliwe lingaphakathi kobukhulu obucacisiwe obuvunyelwe. iphutha , lingahlulelwa njengelifanelekile.