Umehluko ekungaqinisekini kokulinganisa kanye nephutha lokulinganisa

Ukungaqiniseki kanye nephutha lokulinganisa kuyiziphakamiso eziyisisekelo ezifundwa ku-metrology, futhi kungenye yemibono ebalulekile evame ukusetshenziswa abahloli be-metrology. Kuhlobene ngqo nokuthembeka kwemiphumela yokulinganisa kanye nokunemba kanye nokuvumelana kokudluliselwa kwenani. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi badidanisa noma basebenzise kabi lokhu kokubili ngenxa yemibono engacacile. Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa ulwazi lokufunda "Ukuhlola kanye Nokubonakaliswa Kokungaqiniseki Kokulinganisa" ukuze kugxilwe emehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili. Into yokuqala okufanele icace umehluko womqondo phakathi kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kanye nephutha.

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kuveza ukuhlolwa kobubanzi bamanani lapho inani langempela lenani elilinganisiwe likhona khona.Inikeza isikhawu lapho inani langempela lingawela khona ngokuya ngamathuba athile okuzethemba. Kungaba ukuphambuka okujwayelekile noma ukuphindaphinda kwakho, noma ububanzi besigamu sesikhawu okubonisa izinga lokuzethemba. Akuyona iphutha elithile langempela, limane liveza ingxenye yobubanzi bamaphutha engenakulungiseka ngesimo samapharamitha. Lisuselwa ekulungisweni okungaphelele kwemiphumela yengozi nemiphumela ehlelekile, futhi liyipharamitha yokuhlakazeka esetshenziselwa ukuchaza amanani alinganisiwe abelwe ngokufanele. Ukungaqiniseki kuhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezingxenye zokuhlola, u-A no-B, ngokwendlela yokuzithola. Ingxenye yokuhlola yohlobo A ukuhlolwa kokungaqiniseki okwenziwa ngokuhlaziywa kwezibalo kochungechunge lokubuka, kanti ingxenye yokuhlola yohlobo B ilinganiselwa ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho noma olunye ulwazi, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona ingxenye yokungaqiniseki emelelwa "ukuphambuka okujwayelekile" okulinganiselwe.

Ezimweni eziningi, iphutha libhekisela ephutheni lokulinganisa, futhi incazelo yalo yendabuko umehluko phakathi komphumela wokulinganisa kanye nenani langempela lenani elilinganisiwe.Ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: amaphutha ahlelekile namaphutha angengozi. Iphutha likhona ngendlela eqondile, futhi kufanele libe yinani eliqondile, kodwa njengoba inani langempela lingaziwa ezimweni eziningi, iphutha langempela alikwaziwa ngokunembile. Sifuna nje ukulinganisa okungcono kakhulu kwenani leqiniso ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, futhi silibiza ngokuthi inani leqiniso elivamile.

Ngokuqonda lo mqondo, singabona ukuthi ikakhulukazi kukhona umehluko olandelayo phakathi kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kanye nephutha lokulinganisa:

1. Umehluko ngezinjongo zokuhlola:

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kuhloswe ukukhombisa ukuhlakazeka kwenani elilinganisiwe;

Inhloso yephutha lokulinganisa ukukhombisa izinga lapho imiphumela yokulinganisa iphambuka khona enanini langempela.

2. Umehluko phakathi kwemiphumela yokuhlola:

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kuyipharamitha engasayiniwe evezwa ukuphambuka okujwayelekile noma ukuphindaphinda kokuphambuka okujwayelekile noma ububanzi obuyingxenye yesikhawu sokuzethemba. Kuhlolwa ngabantu ngokusekelwe olwazini olufana nokuhlolwa, idatha, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. Kunganqunywa ngokwenani ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezindlela zokuhlola, u-A no-B. ;

Iphutha lokulinganisa liyinani elinophawu oluhle noma olubi. Inani lalo liwumphumela wokulinganisa ngaphandle kwenani elilinganisiwe leqiniso. Njengoba inani eliyiqiniso lingaziwa, alikwazi ukutholakala ngokunembile. Uma kusetshenziswa inani elijwayelekile leqiniso esikhundleni senani eliyiqiniso, kungatholakala inani elilinganisiwe kuphela.

3. Umehluko wezinto ezithonya:

Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kutholakala ngabantu ngokuhlaziya nokuhlola, ngakho-ke kuhlobene nokuqonda kwabantu isilinganiso, okuthonya ubuningi kanye nenqubo yokulinganisa;

Amaphutha okulinganisa akhona ngendlela eqondile, awathintwa yizici zangaphandle, futhi awashintshi ngokuqonda kwabantu;

Ngakho-ke, lapho kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa kokungaqiniseki, izici ezahlukahlukene ezinethonya kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokugcwele, futhi ukuhlolwa kokungaqiniseki kufanele kuqinisekiswe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngenxa yokuhlaziywa okunganele kanye nokulinganisa, ukungaqiniseki okulinganiselwe kungaba kukhulu lapho umphumela wokulinganisa useduze kakhulu nenani langempela (okungukuthi, iphutha lincane), noma ukungaqiniseki okunikeziwe kungaba kuncane kakhulu lapho iphutha lokulinganisa empeleni likhulu.

4. Umehluko ngokwemvelo:

Ngokuvamile akudingekile ukuhlukanisa izakhiwo zokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kanye nezingxenye zokungaqiniseki. Uma kudingeka zihlukaniswe, kufanele zichazwe ngokuthi: "izingxenye zokungaqiniseki ezilethwe yimiphumela engahleliwe" kanye "nezingxenye zokungaqiniseki ezilethwe yimiphumela yesistimu";

Amaphutha okulinganisa angahlukaniswa ngamaphutha angahleliwe kanye namaphutha ahlelekile ngokwezakhiwo zawo. Ngokwencazelo, kokubili amaphutha angahleliwe kanye namaphutha ahlelekile kuyimiqondo efanelekile uma kunezilinganiso eziningi kakhulu.

5. Umehluko phakathi kokulungiswa kwemiphumela yokulinganisa:

Igama elithi "ukungaqiniseki" ngokwalo lisho inani elilinganiselwe. Alibhekiseli enanini lephutha elithile neliqondile. Nakuba lingalinganiselwa, alikwazi ukusetshenziswa ukulungisa inani. Ukungaqiniseki okulethwa ukulungiswa okungaphelele kungacatshangelwa kuphela ekungaqinisekini kwemiphumela yokulinganisa elungisiwe.

Uma inani elilinganisiwe lephutha lesistimu laziwa, umphumela wokulinganisa ungalungiswa ukuze kutholakale umphumela wokulinganisa olungisiwe.

Ngemva kokulungiswa kobukhulu, kungase kube seduze nenani langempela, kodwa ukungaqiniseki kwalo akugcini nje ngokuncipha, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuba kukhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi asikwazi ukwazi kahle ukuthi inani langempela lingakanani, kodwa singalinganisa kuphela izinga lapho imiphumela yokulinganisa iseduze noma ikude khona nenani langempela.

Nakuba ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kanye nephutha kunomehluko ongenhla, kusahlobene kakhulu. Umqondo wokungaqiniseki ukusetshenziswa kanye nokwandiswa kwenkolelo-mbono yephutha, kanti ukuhlaziywa kwamaphutha kuseyisisekelo semfundiso yokuhlola ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi lapho kulinganiswa izingxenye zohlobo lwe-B, ukuhlaziywa kwamaphutha akuhlukaniseki. Isibonelo, izici zezinsimbi zokulinganisa zingachazwa ngokwephutha elikhulu elivumelekile, iphutha lesibonakaliso, njll. Inani elilinganiselwe lephutha elivumelekile lensimbi yokulinganisa elichazwe ezicacisweni zobuchwepheshe kanye nemithethonqubo libizwa ngokuthi "iphutha elikhulu elivumelekile" noma "umkhawulo wephutha elivumelekile". Luwububanzi obuvumelekile bephutha lesibonakaliso elichazwe umenzi wohlobo oluthile lwensimbi, hhayi iphutha langempela lensimbi ethile. Iphutha elikhulu elivumelekile lensimbi yokulinganisa lingatholakala encwadini yemiyalelo yensimbi, futhi livezwa ngophawu lokuhlanganisa noma lokususa lapho livezwa njengenani lezinombolo, ngokuvamile livezwa ngephutha eliphelele, iphutha elihlobene, iphutha lokubhekisela noma inhlanganisela yalo. Isibonelo ± 0.1PV, ± 1%, njll. Iphutha elikhulu elivumelekile lethuluzi lokulinganisa akulona ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa, kodwa lingasetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokuhlola ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa. Ukungaqiniseki okwethulwe ithuluzi lokulinganisa emphumeleni wokulinganisa kungahlolwa ngokuya ngephutha elikhulu elivumelekile lethuluzi ngokuya ngendlela yokuhlola yohlobo lwe-B. Esinye isibonelo umehluko phakathi kwenani lokubonisa lethuluzi lokulinganisa kanye nenani langempela elivunyelwe lokufaka okuhambisanayo, okuyiphutha lokubonisa lethuluzi lokulinganisa. Kumathuluzi okulinganisa angokoqobo, inani elibonisiwe yinani lalo elijwayelekile. Ngokuvamile, inani elinikeziwe noma eliphindaphindwe yizinga lokulinganisa eliphakeme lisetshenziswa njengenani langempela elivunyelwe (elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi inani lokulinganisa noma inani elijwayelekile). Emsebenzini wokuqinisekisa, lapho ukungaqiniseki okwandisiwe kwenani elijwayelekile elinikezwe yizinga lokulinganisa kungu-1/3 kuya ku-1/10 wephutha elikhulu elivumelekile lethuluzi elihloliwe, futhi iphutha lokubonisa lethuluzi elihloliwe lingaphakathi kwephutha elikhulu elivunyelwe elicacisiwe, lingahlulelwa njengelifanelekile.